From e4da2e3b7e81102d450379b46c924f606c650ebc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Victor Stinner <vstinner@python.org>
Date: Fri, 5 Dec 2025 14:11:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1/3] Fix pyflakes warnings: variable is assigned to but never
 used

Example of fixed warning:

    Lib/functools.py:690:21: local variable 'oldresult'
    is assigned to but never used
---
 Lib/_py_warnings.py                    | 1 -
 Lib/_threading_local.py                | 2 +-
 Lib/asyncio/base_events.py             | 4 ++--
 Lib/asyncio/proactor_events.py         | 2 +-
 Lib/asyncio/tools.py                   | 2 +-
 Lib/asyncio/unix_events.py             | 2 +-
 Lib/codeop.py                          | 4 ++--
 Lib/compileall.py                      | 2 +-
 Lib/concurrent/interpreters/_queues.py | 6 +++---
 Lib/dis.py                             | 1 -
 Lib/encodings/uu_codec.py              | 2 +-
 Lib/ftplib.py                          | 8 ++++----
 Lib/functools.py                       | 1 -
 Lib/idlelib/pyshell.py                 | 1 -
 Lib/idlelib/textview.py                | 4 ++--
 Lib/imaplib.py                         | 5 ++---
 Lib/inspect.py                         | 1 -
 Lib/modulefinder.py                    | 1 -
 Lib/multiprocessing/connection.py      | 3 +--
 Lib/netrc.py                           | 2 +-
 Lib/ntpath.py                          | 2 +-
 Lib/optparse.py                        | 2 +-
 Lib/pickle.py                          | 5 ++---
 Lib/platform.py                        | 3 +--
 Lib/pyclbr.py                          | 1 -
 Lib/re/_parser.py                      | 1 -
 Lib/subprocess.py                      | 2 +-
 Lib/tempfile.py                        | 2 +-
 Lib/tokenize.py                        | 2 +-
 Lib/turtle.py                          | 4 ++--
 Lib/urllib/parse.py                    | 2 +-
 Lib/venv/__init__.py                   | 1 -
 32 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/_py_warnings.py b/Lib/_py_warnings.py
index 67c74fdd2d0b42..d5a9cec86f3674 100644
--- a/Lib/_py_warnings.py
+++ b/Lib/_py_warnings.py
@@ -563,7 +563,6 @@ def warn_explicit(message, category, filename, lineno,
     else:
         text = message
         message = category(message)
-    modules = None
     key = (text, category, lineno)
     with _wm._lock:
         if registry is None:
diff --git a/Lib/_threading_local.py b/Lib/_threading_local.py
index 0b9e5d3bbf6ef6..2af3885458b54f 100644
--- a/Lib/_threading_local.py
+++ b/Lib/_threading_local.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def thread_deleted(_, idt=idt):
             # as soon as the OS-level thread ends instead.
             local = wrlocal()
             if local is not None:
-                dct = local.dicts.pop(idt)
+                local.dicts.pop(idt)
         wrlocal = ref(self, local_deleted)
         wrthread = ref(thread, thread_deleted)
         thread.__dict__[key] = wrlocal
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/base_events.py b/Lib/asyncio/base_events.py
index 8cbb71f708537f..6619c87bcf5b93 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/base_events.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/base_events.py
@@ -949,7 +949,7 @@ async def sock_sendfile(self, sock, file, offset=0, count=None,
         try:
             return await self._sock_sendfile_native(sock, file,
                                                     offset, count)
-        except exceptions.SendfileNotAvailableError as exc:
+        except exceptions.SendfileNotAvailableError:
             if not fallback:
                 raise
         return await self._sock_sendfile_fallback(sock, file,
@@ -1270,7 +1270,7 @@ async def sendfile(self, transport, file, offset=0, count=None,
             try:
                 return await self._sendfile_native(transport, file,
                                                    offset, count)
-            except exceptions.SendfileNotAvailableError as exc:
+            except exceptions.SendfileNotAvailableError:
                 if not fallback:
                     raise
 
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/proactor_events.py b/Lib/asyncio/proactor_events.py
index f404273c3ae5c1..3fa93b14a6787f 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/proactor_events.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/proactor_events.py
@@ -733,7 +733,7 @@ async def sock_accept(self, sock):
     async def _sock_sendfile_native(self, sock, file, offset, count):
         try:
             fileno = file.fileno()
-        except (AttributeError, io.UnsupportedOperation) as err:
+        except (AttributeError, io.UnsupportedOperation):
             raise exceptions.SendfileNotAvailableError("not a regular file")
         try:
             fsize = os.fstat(fileno).st_size
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/tools.py b/Lib/asyncio/tools.py
index 1d463ea09ba5b8..f9b8a4ee56c5c1 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/tools.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/tools.py
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ def _get_awaited_by_tasks(pid: int) -> list:
             e = e.__context__
         print(f"Error retrieving tasks: {e}")
         sys.exit(1)
-    except PermissionError as e:
+    except PermissionError:
         exit_with_permission_help_text()
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/unix_events.py b/Lib/asyncio/unix_events.py
index 1c1458127db5ac..49e8067ee7b4e5 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/unix_events.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/unix_events.py
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ async def _sock_sendfile_native(self, sock, file, offset, count):
                 "os.sendfile() is not available")
         try:
             fileno = file.fileno()
-        except (AttributeError, io.UnsupportedOperation) as err:
+        except (AttributeError, io.UnsupportedOperation):
             raise exceptions.SendfileNotAvailableError("not a regular file")
         try:
             fsize = os.fstat(fileno).st_size
diff --git a/Lib/codeop.py b/Lib/codeop.py
index 8cac00442d99e3..40e88423119bc4 100644
--- a/Lib/codeop.py
+++ b/Lib/codeop.py
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ def _maybe_compile(compiler, source, filename, symbol, flags):
             try:
                 compiler(source + "\n", filename, symbol, flags=flags)
                 return None
-            except _IncompleteInputError as e:
+            except _IncompleteInputError:
                 return None
-            except SyntaxError as e:
+            except SyntaxError:
                 pass
                 # fallthrough
 
diff --git a/Lib/compileall.py b/Lib/compileall.py
index 67fe370451e1ef..9519a5ac16f024 100644
--- a/Lib/compileall.py
+++ b/Lib/compileall.py
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ def compile_file(fullname, ddir=None, force=False, rx=None, quiet=0,
                     cfile = importlib.util.cache_from_source(fullname)
                     opt_cfiles[opt_level] = cfile
 
-        head, tail = name[:-3], name[-3:]
+        tail = name[-3:]
         if tail == '.py':
             if not force:
                 try:
diff --git a/Lib/concurrent/interpreters/_queues.py b/Lib/concurrent/interpreters/_queues.py
index b5cc0b8944940d..ee159d7de63827 100644
--- a/Lib/concurrent/interpreters/_queues.py
+++ b/Lib/concurrent/interpreters/_queues.py
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ def put(self, obj, block=True, timeout=None, *,
         while True:
             try:
                 _queues.put(self._id, obj, unboundop)
-            except QueueFull as exc:
+            except QueueFull:
                 if timeout is not None and time.time() >= end:
                     raise  # re-raise
                 time.sleep(_delay)
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ def get(self, block=True, timeout=None, *,
         while True:
             try:
                 obj, unboundop = _queues.get(self._id)
-            except QueueEmpty as exc:
+            except QueueEmpty:
                 if timeout is not None and time.time() >= end:
                     raise  # re-raise
                 time.sleep(_delay)
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ def get_nowait(self):
         """
         try:
             obj, unboundop = _queues.get(self._id)
-        except QueueEmpty as exc:
+        except QueueEmpty:
             raise  # re-raise
         if unboundop is not None:
             assert obj is None, repr(obj)
diff --git a/Lib/dis.py b/Lib/dis.py
index d6d2c1386dd785..8c257d118fb23b 100644
--- a/Lib/dis.py
+++ b/Lib/dis.py
@@ -530,7 +530,6 @@ def print_instruction_line(self, instr, mark_as_current):
         fields.append(instr.opname.ljust(_OPNAME_WIDTH))
         # Column: Opcode argument
         if instr.arg is not None:
-            arg = repr(instr.arg)
             # If opname is longer than _OPNAME_WIDTH, we allow it to overflow into
             # the space reserved for oparg. This results in fewer misaligned opargs
             # in the disassembly output.
diff --git a/Lib/encodings/uu_codec.py b/Lib/encodings/uu_codec.py
index 4e58c62fe9ef0f..4f8704016e2131 100644
--- a/Lib/encodings/uu_codec.py
+++ b/Lib/encodings/uu_codec.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def uu_decode(input, errors='strict'):
             break
         try:
             data = binascii.a2b_uu(s)
-        except binascii.Error as v:
+        except binascii.Error:
             # Workaround for broken uuencoders by /Fredrik Lundh
             nbytes = (((s[0]-32) & 63) * 4 + 5) // 3
             data = binascii.a2b_uu(s[:nbytes])
diff --git a/Lib/ftplib.py b/Lib/ftplib.py
index 50771e8c17c250..640acc64f620cc 100644
--- a/Lib/ftplib.py
+++ b/Lib/ftplib.py
@@ -314,9 +314,9 @@ def makeport(self):
         port = sock.getsockname()[1] # Get proper port
         host = self.sock.getsockname()[0] # Get proper host
         if self.af == socket.AF_INET:
-            resp = self.sendport(host, port)
+            self.sendport(host, port)
         else:
-            resp = self.sendeprt(host, port)
+            self.sendeprt(host, port)
         if self.timeout is not _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
             sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
         return sock
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ def retrlines(self, cmd, callback = None):
         """
         if callback is None:
             callback = print_line
-        resp = self.sendcmd('TYPE A')
+        self.sendcmd('TYPE A')
         with self.transfercmd(cmd) as conn, \
                  conn.makefile('r', encoding=self.encoding) as fp:
             while 1:
@@ -951,7 +951,7 @@ def test():
         elif file[:2] == '-d':
             cmd = 'CWD'
             if file[2:]: cmd = cmd + ' ' + file[2:]
-            resp = ftp.sendcmd(cmd)
+            ftp.sendcmd(cmd)
         elif file == '-p':
             ftp.set_pasv(not ftp.passiveserver)
         else:
diff --git a/Lib/functools.py b/Lib/functools.py
index 8063eb5ffc3304..a0774c26c1dafe 100644
--- a/Lib/functools.py
+++ b/Lib/functools.py
@@ -687,7 +687,6 @@ def wrapper(*args, **kwds):
                     # still adjusting the links.
                     root = oldroot[NEXT]
                     oldkey = root[KEY]
-                    oldresult = root[RESULT]
                     root[KEY] = root[RESULT] = None
 
                     # Now update the cache dictionary.
diff --git a/Lib/idlelib/pyshell.py b/Lib/idlelib/pyshell.py
index 1b7c2af1a923d7..b80c8e56c92810 100755
--- a/Lib/idlelib/pyshell.py
+++ b/Lib/idlelib/pyshell.py
@@ -498,7 +498,6 @@ def restart_subprocess(self, with_cwd=False, filename=''):
         self.rpcclt.close()
         self.terminate_subprocess()
         console = self.tkconsole
-        was_executing = console.executing
         console.executing = False
         self.spawn_subprocess()
         try:
diff --git a/Lib/idlelib/textview.py b/Lib/idlelib/textview.py
index 23f0f4cb5027ec..0f719a06883ad7 100644
--- a/Lib/idlelib/textview.py
+++ b/Lib/idlelib/textview.py
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@ def __init__(self, parent, title, contents, modal=True, wrap=WORD,
         self.title(title)
         self.viewframe = ViewFrame(self, contents, wrap=wrap)
         self.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self.ok)
-        self.button_ok = button_ok = Button(self, text='Close',
-                                            command=self.ok, takefocus=False)
+        self.button_ok = Button(self, text='Close',
+                                command=self.ok, takefocus=False)
         self.viewframe.pack(side='top', expand=True, fill='both')
 
         self.is_modal = modal
diff --git a/Lib/imaplib.py b/Lib/imaplib.py
index c176736548188c..2862ebf73632b9 100644
--- a/Lib/imaplib.py
+++ b/Lib/imaplib.py
@@ -807,7 +807,6 @@ def proxyauth(self, user):
         (typ, [data]) = <instance>.proxyauth(user)
         """
 
-        name = 'PROXYAUTH'
         return self._simple_command('PROXYAUTH', user)
 
 
@@ -1310,7 +1309,7 @@ def _get_tagged_response(self, tag, expect_bye=False):
 
             try:
                 self._get_response()
-            except self.abort as val:
+            except self.abort:
                 if __debug__:
                     if self.debug >= 1:
                         self.print_log()
@@ -1867,7 +1866,7 @@ def Time2Internaldate(date_time):
 
     try:
         optlist, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'd:s:')
-    except getopt.error as val:
+    except getopt.error:
         optlist, args = (), ()
 
     stream_command = None
diff --git a/Lib/inspect.py b/Lib/inspect.py
index 8e7511b3af015f..ff462750888c88 100644
--- a/Lib/inspect.py
+++ b/Lib/inspect.py
@@ -2140,7 +2140,6 @@ def _signature_strip_non_python_syntax(signature):
 
     current_parameter = 0
     OP = token.OP
-    ERRORTOKEN = token.ERRORTOKEN
 
     # token stream always starts with ENCODING token, skip it
     t = next(token_stream)
diff --git a/Lib/modulefinder.py b/Lib/modulefinder.py
index b115d99ab30ff1..7fb19a5c5d1805 100644
--- a/Lib/modulefinder.py
+++ b/Lib/modulefinder.py
@@ -400,7 +400,6 @@ def scan_opcodes(self, co):
                 yield "relative_import", (level, fromlist, name)
 
     def scan_code(self, co, m):
-        code = co.co_code
         scanner = self.scan_opcodes
         for what, args in scanner(co):
             if what == "store":
diff --git a/Lib/multiprocessing/connection.py b/Lib/multiprocessing/connection.py
index fc00d2861260a8..64ec53884aeb5d 100644
--- a/Lib/multiprocessing/connection.py
+++ b/Lib/multiprocessing/connection.py
@@ -709,8 +709,7 @@ def accept(self):
                 # written data and then disconnected -- see Issue 14725.
             else:
                 try:
-                    res = _winapi.WaitForMultipleObjects(
-                        [ov.event], False, INFINITE)
+                    _winapi.WaitForMultipleObjects([ov.event], False, INFINITE)
                 except:
                     ov.cancel()
                     _winapi.CloseHandle(handle)
diff --git a/Lib/netrc.py b/Lib/netrc.py
index 2f502c1d53364f..750b5071e3c65f 100644
--- a/Lib/netrc.py
+++ b/Lib/netrc.py
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ def _parse(self, file, fp, default_netrc):
         while 1:
             # Look for a machine, default, or macdef top-level keyword
             saved_lineno = lexer.lineno
-            toplevel = tt = lexer.get_token()
+            tt = lexer.get_token()
             if not tt:
                 break
             elif tt[0] == '#':
diff --git a/Lib/ntpath.py b/Lib/ntpath.py
index 77d2bf86a5f09d..7d637325240f1c 100644
--- a/Lib/ntpath.py
+++ b/Lib/ntpath.py
@@ -726,7 +726,7 @@ def realpath(path, /, *, strict=False):
             try:
                 if _getfinalpathname(spath) == path:
                     path = spath
-            except ValueError as ex:
+            except ValueError:
                 # Unexpected, as an invalid path should not have gained a prefix
                 # at any point, but we ignore this error just in case.
                 pass
diff --git a/Lib/optparse.py b/Lib/optparse.py
index 02ff7140882ed6..5ff7f74754f9c1 100644
--- a/Lib/optparse.py
+++ b/Lib/optparse.py
@@ -1372,7 +1372,7 @@ def parse_args(self, args=None, values=None):
         self.values = values
 
         try:
-            stop = self._process_args(largs, rargs, values)
+            self._process_args(largs, rargs, values)
         except (BadOptionError, OptionValueError) as err:
             self.error(str(err))
 
diff --git a/Lib/pickle.py b/Lib/pickle.py
index 729c215514ad24..eeba26943b3ed4 100644
--- a/Lib/pickle.py
+++ b/Lib/pickle.py
@@ -1152,7 +1152,6 @@ def save_frozenset(self, obj):
 
     def save_global(self, obj, name=None):
         write = self.write
-        memo = self.memo
 
         if name is None:
             name = getattr(obj, '__qualname__', None)
@@ -1734,7 +1733,7 @@ def load_binget(self):
         i = self.read(1)[0]
         try:
             self.append(self.memo[i])
-        except KeyError as exc:
+        except KeyError:
             msg = f'Memo value not found at index {i}'
             raise UnpicklingError(msg) from None
     dispatch[BINGET[0]] = load_binget
@@ -1743,7 +1742,7 @@ def load_long_binget(self):
         i, = unpack('<I', self.read(4))
         try:
             self.append(self.memo[i])
-        except KeyError as exc:
+        except KeyError:
             msg = f'Memo value not found at index {i}'
             raise UnpicklingError(msg) from None
     dispatch[LONG_BINGET[0]] = load_long_binget
diff --git a/Lib/platform.py b/Lib/platform.py
index b5017dbdb02252..3a71b669985f13 100644
--- a/Lib/platform.py
+++ b/Lib/platform.py
@@ -305,8 +305,7 @@ def _syscmd_ver(system='', release='', version='',
                                            text=True,
                                            encoding="locale",
                                            shell=True)
-        except (OSError, subprocess.CalledProcessError) as why:
-            #print('Command %s failed: %s' % (cmd, why))
+        except (OSError, subprocess.CalledProcessError):
             continue
         else:
             break
diff --git a/Lib/pyclbr.py b/Lib/pyclbr.py
index 37f86995d6ce00..35772cc01d0517 100644
--- a/Lib/pyclbr.py
+++ b/Lib/pyclbr.py
@@ -158,7 +158,6 @@ def _readmodule(module, path, inpackage=None):
         return _readmodule(submodule, parent['__path__'], package)
 
     # Search the path for the module.
-    f = None
     if inpackage is not None:
         search_path = path
     else:
diff --git a/Lib/re/_parser.py b/Lib/re/_parser.py
index 35ab7ede2a75a9..bd189fe0695f80 100644
--- a/Lib/re/_parser.py
+++ b/Lib/re/_parser.py
@@ -455,7 +455,6 @@ def _parse_sub(source, state, verbose, nested):
     items = []
     itemsappend = items.append
     sourcematch = source.match
-    start = source.tell()
     while True:
         itemsappend(_parse(source, state, verbose, nested + 1,
                            not nested and not items))
diff --git a/Lib/subprocess.py b/Lib/subprocess.py
index 4d5ab6fbff0a46..17333d8c02255d 100644
--- a/Lib/subprocess.py
+++ b/Lib/subprocess.py
@@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@ def communicate(self, input=None, timeout=None):
             finally:
                 self._communication_started = True
             try:
-                sts = self.wait(timeout=self._remaining_time(endtime))
+                self.wait(timeout=self._remaining_time(endtime))
             except TimeoutExpired as exc:
                 exc.timeout = timeout
                 raise
diff --git a/Lib/tempfile.py b/Lib/tempfile.py
index 53d14ff5c67131..2bc61662459992 100644
--- a/Lib/tempfile.py
+++ b/Lib/tempfile.py
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ def opener(*args):
             fd, name = _mkstemp_inner(dir, prefix, suffix, flags, output_type)
             try:
                 _os.unlink(name)
-            except BaseException as e:
+            except BaseException:
                 _os.close(fd)
                 raise
             return fd
diff --git a/Lib/tokenize.py b/Lib/tokenize.py
index 1f31258ce361c9..11c134482db024 100644
--- a/Lib/tokenize.py
+++ b/Lib/tokenize.py
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ def find_cookie(line):
             return None
         encoding = _get_normal_name(match.group(1).decode())
         try:
-            codec = lookup(encoding)
+            lookup(encoding)
         except LookupError:
             # This behaviour mimics the Python interpreter
             if filename is None:
diff --git a/Lib/turtle.py b/Lib/turtle.py
index e5ce2c0a03cad6..b52d681b3af1c3 100644
--- a/Lib/turtle.py
+++ b/Lib/turtle.py
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ def _iscolorstring(self, color):
         """Check if the string color is a legal Tkinter color string.
         """
         try:
-            rgb = self.cv.winfo_rgb(color)
+            self.cv.winfo_rgb(color)
             ok = True
         except TK.TclError:
             ok = False
@@ -3747,7 +3747,7 @@ def _undo(self, action, data):
         if action == "rot":
             angle, degPAU = data
             self._rotate(-angle*degPAU/self._degreesPerAU)
-            dummy = self.undobuffer.pop()
+            self.undobuffer.pop()
         elif action == "stamp":
             stitem = data[0]
             self.clearstamp(stitem)
diff --git a/Lib/urllib/parse.py b/Lib/urllib/parse.py
index c7946d7625386d..79fd6abaa1c48f 100644
--- a/Lib/urllib/parse.py
+++ b/Lib/urllib/parse.py
@@ -1062,7 +1062,7 @@ def urlencode(query, doseq=False, safe='', encoding=None, errors=None,
             else:
                 try:
                     # Is this a sufficient test for sequence-ness?
-                    x = len(v)
+                    len(v)
                 except TypeError:
                     # not a sequence
                     v = quote_via(str(v), safe, encoding, errors)
diff --git a/Lib/venv/__init__.py b/Lib/venv/__init__.py
index e5addcc393a1b9..19eddde700bcf9 100644
--- a/Lib/venv/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/venv/__init__.py
@@ -306,7 +306,6 @@ def setup_python(self, context):
             binpath = context.bin_path
             path = context.env_exe
             copier = self.symlink_or_copy
-            dirname = context.python_dir
             copier(context.executable, path)
             if not os.path.islink(path):
                 os.chmod(path, 0o755)

From 9454f322a7c7abdc1d9da0dd28fec8cc0e99b48a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Victor Stinner <vstinner@python.org>
Date: Fri, 5 Dec 2025 21:37:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] Change imaplib code

---
 Lib/imaplib.py | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/imaplib.py b/Lib/imaplib.py
index 2862ebf73632b9..22a0afcd981519 100644
--- a/Lib/imaplib.py
+++ b/Lib/imaplib.py
@@ -807,7 +807,8 @@ def proxyauth(self, user):
         (typ, [data]) = <instance>.proxyauth(user)
         """
 
-        return self._simple_command('PROXYAUTH', user)
+        name = 'PROXYAUTH'
+        return self._simple_command(name, user)
 
 
     def rename(self, oldmailbox, newmailbox):

From ec361e3549d8d5adb64ae77bf6c60d7b327df285 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Victor Stinner <vstinner@python.org>
Date: Sat, 6 Dec 2025 11:57:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] Restore functools

---
 Lib/functools.py | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/Lib/functools.py b/Lib/functools.py
index a0774c26c1dafe..836eb680ccd4d4 100644
--- a/Lib/functools.py
+++ b/Lib/functools.py
@@ -687,6 +687,7 @@ def wrapper(*args, **kwds):
                     # still adjusting the links.
                     root = oldroot[NEXT]
                     oldkey = root[KEY]
+                    oldresult = root[RESULT]  # noqa: F841
                     root[KEY] = root[RESULT] = None
 
                     # Now update the cache dictionary.