RIOT-2025.10 "OCT31 == DEC25" - Release Notes

RIOT is a multi-threading operating system which enables soft real-time
capabilities and comes with support for a range of devices that are typically
found in the Internet of Things: 8-bit and 16-bit microcontrollers as well as
light-weight 32-bit processors.

RIOT is based on the following design principles: energy-efficiency, soft
real-time capabilities, small memory footprint, modularity, and uniform API
access, independent of the underlying hardware (with partial POSIX compliance).

RIOT is developed by an international open-source community which is
independent of specific vendors (e.g. similarly to the Linux community) and is
licensed with a non-viral copyleft license (LGPLv2.1), which allows indirect
business models around the free open-source software platform provided by RIOT.

About this release

The 2025.10 release includes:

The new XIPFS filesystem module allows executing code from memory-mapped flash on
supported platforms.
Support for the ESP32-C6 RISC-V WiFi MCU was added.
Nearly all of the guides were migrated, adapted or rewritten to the new guide site.
- You can now also read all RIOT release notes directly on the guide site, outside of Github.
NanoCoAP server will no longer copy requests to an internal buffer for processing, instead
it operates directly on the network buffer, eliminating the case of 'too large' requests.
The new hosts module allows to statically assign hostnames to IP addresses, similar to
/etc/hosts on UNIX.
The u8g2 package now implements the disp_dev, meaning e.g. LVGL can now be used on all
displays supported by u8g2.
Support for more members of the STM32C0 family was added.
Initial support for the RP2350.

180 pull requests, composed of 411 commits, have been merged since the
last release, and 16 issues have been solved. 31 people contributed with
code in 121 days. 3372 files have been touched with 51234 (+) insertions and
205847 deletions (-).

Notations used below

+ means new feature/item
* means modified feature/item
- means removed feature/item

New features and changes

Core

core/log: add optional log unit prefix (#21606)

System Libraries

makefiles/suit: add SUIT_GEN_PUBKEY variable to inhibit public key
generation (#21666)
pkg/lvgl: support monochrome displays via u8g2 (#21726)
pkg/u8g2: implement disp_dev (#21725)
pkg/xipfs: add XIPFS as vfs module (#21569)
sys/psa_crypto: Extend mac API (#21621)
sys/shell/cmds: add MTD command from mtd_raw test (#21489)
sys/suit: add suit_get_public_key() (#21560)
tests/unittests: add test for bit.h (#21749)

benchmark_udp: improve rtt record buffering (#21712)
sys/can: improve SJW calculation (#21756)

Networking

drivers/sx126x add optional CONFIG_SX126X_DEFAULT_SYNC_WORD (#21711)
drivers/sx126x: add support for Dio2 and Dio3 (#21684)
drivers/sx126x: bind PA config to output power (#21687)
nanocoap: add coap_iterate_uri_query() (#20197)
net/hosts: add module for static hostname definitions (#21397)

drivers/sx126x: configure tx clamp for sx1262 (#21710)
drivers/sx126x: image calibration after frequency change (#21713)
gnrc/ipv6/nib: clean up gnrc_ipv6_nib_get_next_hop_l2addr() (#21454)
gnrc/ipv6/nib: improve debug output, declutter code (#21256)
gnrc/rpl/control_messages: refactor gnrc_rpl_recv_DIO (#21577)
gnrc/rpl: switching between DODAGs (#21759)
nanocoap_server: use zero-copy network buffer for parsing request (#21652)
pkg: replace header guards with #pragma once (#21701)

Packages

dist/tools: Move picosdk to pkg folder, improve picotool.sh
script (#21629)
pkg/flashdb: Bump to v2.1.1 (#21820)
pkg/littlefs2: bump version to v2.11.2 (#21751)
pkg/{c25519,driver_cryptocell_310}: use dlcache for fetching zip
archives, update pkg/Makefile.http example (#21813)

Boards

boards/nucleo-f303k8: add board pinout (#21802)
boards: add Arduino Nano ESP32 board (#21656)
boards: add STM32C0116-DK and STM32C0316-DK [new PR] (#21776)
boards: Bitcraze Crazyflie 2.1 main application board support (#21689)
cpu, boards: add new STM32C0 and NUCLEO-C071RB [new PR] (#21775)
CPU/Boards: Add Raspberry Pi Pico 2 (RP2350) support (#21545)
cpu/esp32: add ESP32-C6 support (#21616)
cpu/stm32/usbdev_fs: allow inverted disconnect GPIO (#21718)
feather-m0: add support for saul_bat_voltage (#21022)

boards: move licenses from headers to SPDX format (part3) (#21627)
boards: move licenses from headers to SPDX format (part4) (#21632)
examples/networking/gnrc: remove gnrc prefix from folder names (#21826)

CPU

ieee802154/submac: add automatic ACK transmission when AUTO_ACK is
not supported by driver (#21533)

build system: use thread-safe stdio (#21438)
cpu/nrf52: Update nRF52* Vendor Header Files (#21739)
cpu/nrf5x: Pull Vendor Header Files from External Repository (#21800)
cpu/stm32/genkconfig: move script licence and templates to SPDX (#21768)
cpu: move licenses from comments to SPDX format (part1) (#21704)
cpu: move licenses from comments to SPDX format (part2) (#21715)
cpu: move licenses from comments to SPDX format (part3) (#21732)
cpu: move licenses from comments to SPDX format (part4) (#21747)
cpu: move licenses from comments to SPDX format (part5) (#21758)
makefile/tools/esptool: cleanup including version update to 5.0.0 (#21619)

Device Drivers

drivers/ds18: move to ztimer (#21804)

Documentation

doc/guides: Add Section about Creating a Common Board Directory (#21764)
doc/guides: add STM32 Flashing Guide (#21767)
doc/guides: Add Timer Information to Porting Boards Guide (#21795)
doc/starlight: Add link to RIOT forum (#21723)
doc/starlight: add RIOT changelog (#21741)
doc/starlight: Update dependencies, add image zoom, fix wrong prints (#21742)
doc: deprecate Doxygen Getting Started and add CoAP guide (#21792)

boards/nucleo*: Cleanup and Enhance the Documentation (#21337)
boards/nucleo-l011k4: improve board doc (#21783)
boards/nucleo-l031k6: improve board doc (#21790)
boards: move licenses to SPDX format in doc.md files (#21651)
boards: rename doc.txt -> doc.md for boards which name's starts from
e to p (#21641)
boards: rename doc.txt -> doc.md for remaining boards (#21644)
cpu: rename doc txt -> doc.md (#21680)
dist/tools: improve the esptools, enhance documentation (#21625)
doc/CONTRIBUTION.md: document mediation process (#20648)
doc/guides/rust_tutorials: mention BUILD_IN_DOCKER more verbosely (#21735)
doc/guides: cleanup section titles (#21728)
doc/guides: disable npm funding message (#21799)
doc/guides: Extend STM32 Flashing Guide with OpenOCD and WSL Remark (#21794)
doc/guides: improve guides and many small fixes (#21730)
doc/guides: remove toc from managing a release and fix using timers
guide (#21773)
doc/guides: The Big Migration (#21708)
doc/starlight: Adjust theming to RIOT branding (#21700)
doc/starlight: rename guides title from Riot to RIOT (#21722)
doc: fix outdated links in CONTRIBUTING.md (#21824)
doc: Integrate Governance, Code of Conduct and C++ Tutorial into
Starlight (#21646)
pkg/lwip: document debug defines (#21834)

Build System / Tooling

dist/tools: add double #pragma once error message to headerguards
check (#21696)
dist/tools: add knob for docker pinning test (#21815)
dist/tools: add no-merge and colon check to commit-msg check (#21803)

build system: Allow running tests in docker (#21752)
dist/tools/ci: include rust, node and git commit in print-version (#21734)
makefiles/tools/openocd: Do not require openocd.cfg for STM32 boards (#21717)
makefiles: remove DOWNLOAD_TO_STDOUT (#21823)

Kconfig

drivers/sen5x: Remove Kconfig dependency handling (#21643)

Testing

starlight: build on PR & fix CI deploy error (#21789)
tests/sys/libc_newlib: drop test (#21669)
tests: replace header guards with #pragma once (#21702)

API Changes

drivers/motor_driver: rework motor driver (#20429)

Uncategorized

CODEOWNERS: Add AnnsAnn to doc & rp2350 (#21765)
release-notes.txt: add 2025.07 release notes (#21628)
Starlight/Changelog: Add direct Github link support (#21809)

.gitattributes: Treat SVG as binary (#21807)
guides/c_tutorials/timers: Fix outdated intro (#21673)
README.md: improve feature list (#21059)
README.md: Unify formatting, modernize badges & update URLs (and move
release_cycle to starlight) (#21706)
readme: modernize getting started section (#21654)

And 35 minor changes.

Deprecations

Removals (1)

pkg/qdsa: drop package (#21657)

Bug fixes (43)

doc/starlight: add route middleware to fix edit link (#21780)
doc/starlight: Add temporary workaround to symlink issue (#21787)
guides/installing: add psutil requirement for pyterm (#21660)
[HACK] cpu/sam0_common: eth: delay init by 10ms for more stable
Ethernet (#21634)
arch/riscv: fix incorrect ASFLAGS (#21672)
boards/common/nucleo144: fix and complete Arduino configuration (#21665)
boards/nrf52-based, dist/tools/jlink: fix and enhance
JLINK_{PRE,POST}_FLASH command (#21740)
build system: Fix regression from #21752 (#21793)
ci/docs: Build/Deploy on changes to outside text (#21810)
ci/docs: use pattern for CODING_CONVENTIONS files (#21814)
cpu/esp32/esp-idf-rmt: fix compilation together with Nimble and WiFi (#21714)
cpu/nrf52/radio/nrf802154: fix radio after soft ACK (#21786)
cpu/nrf5x_common: fix vendor header regression from #21800 (#21812)
cpu/sam0_eth: disable interrupts during init (#21836)
cpu/samd5: improve clock initialisation XOSC32 and FDPLL (#21631)
doc: fix some links and repair starlight (#21769)
drivers/netdev_ieee802154_submac: fix bytes_tx (#21796)
drivers/sx126x: fail on init if no device is connected (#21688)
gnrc/netif: don't re-append tx_sync snip if tx is done (#21709)
gnrc_netif: fix neighbor statistics with netdev_new_api (#21002)
kinetis/bme: temp disable BITBAND_FUNCTIONS_PROVIDED (#21750)
makefiles/boot/riotboot: pass BUILD_DIR to recursive Make call (#21676)
makefiles/info.inc.mk: improvements to json build output (#21645)
nimble/netif: use netdev_legacy_api module (#21620)
nrf52/cfg_rtt_default: fix rtt min offset (#21743)
pkg/driver_cryptocell_310: use community-hosted mirror of nRF5-SDK (#21635)
pkg/esp32_sdk: unshallow repository before getting tag/branch name (#21624)
pkg/lwip/netdev: fix return types in send() (#21833)
pkg/mpaland-printf: format points like glibc (#21678)
pkg/mpaland-printf: wrap putc() and fputc() (#21828)
pkg/mplaland-printf: Use buffered output (#21805)
tests: accept %p printing in uppercase and without leading 0x (#21677)
tests: fix compilation problems with NDEBUG (#21649)
unittests/unicoap: statically allocate option buffers (#21610)

Known issues

Network related issues (56)

6lo: RIOT does not receive packets from Linux when short_addr is set (#11033)
Address registration handling inappropriate (#15867)
app/netdev: application stops working after receiving frames with
assertion or completely without error (#8271)
at86rf2xx: Dead lock when sending while receiving (#8242)
cpu/esp8266: Tracking open problems of esp_wifi netdev driver (#10861)
DHCPv6 client: Handling of NotOnLink incorrect (#20349)
dist/tools/sliptty/start_network.sh: IPv6 connectivity is broken on
PC (#14689)
driver/mrf24j40: blocks shell input with auto_init_gnrc_netif (#12943)
drivers/at86rf215: Incorrect channel number set for subGHz (#15906)
DTLS examples cannot send message to localhost (#14315)
Emcute cannot create a double-byte name (#12642)
ethernet: Missing multicast addr assignment (#13493)
ethos: fails to respond to first message. (#11988)
ethos: Unable to handle fragmented IPv6 packets from Linux kernel (#12264)
example/gnrc_border_router cannot answer after some time (#19578)
examples/cord_ep: Dead lock when (re-)registering in callback
function (#12884)
examples/gnrc_border_router: esp_wifi crashes on disconnect (#14679)
Forwarding a packet back to its link layer source should not be
allowed (#5051)
gcoap example request on tap I/F fails with NIB issue (#8199)
gcoap: Suspected crosstalk between requests (possible NULL call) (#14390)
Global IPv6 addresses remain deprecated after receiving RA (#19846)
gnrc ipv6: multicast packets are not dispatched to the upper layers (#5230)
gnrc/ipv6: "invalid payload length" - corrupted IPv6 header when
ENABLE_DEBUG=1 in mbox.c (#20390)
gnrc_border_router stops routing after a while (#16398)
gnrc_border_router: Kconfig and C disagree about number of addresses
per interface (#19947)
gnrc_icmpv6_echo: flood-pinging another node leads to leaks in own
packet buffer (#12565)
gnrc_ipv6: Multicast is not forwarded if routing node listens to the
address (#4527)
gnrc_netif_pktq leaks memory (#17924)
gnrc_rpl: missing bounds checks in _parse_options (#16085)
gnrc_rpl: nib route not updated when topology / DODAG changes (#17327)
gnrc_rpl: old routes are not deleted (#19423)
gnrc_rpl: takes unusually long time to start routing packets (#19147)
gnrc_sock_udp: Possible Race condition on copy in application buffer (#10389)
gnrc_tcp: gnrc_tcp_recv() never generates -ECONNABORTED (#17896)
gomach: Resetting netif with cli doesn't return (#10370)
ieee802154_submac: IPv6 fragmentation broken (#16998)
LoRaWan node ISR stack overflowed (#14962)
LWIP TCP Communication Error (#19676)
lwip, submac: deadlock on user transmission (#21843)
lwip_sock_tcp / sock_async: received events before calling
sock_accept() are lost due to race condition. (#16303)
Missing drop implementations in netdev_driver_t::recv (#10410)
Neighbor Discovery not working after router reboot when using SLAAC (#11038)
netdev_ieee802154: Mismatch between radio ll address and in memory
address (#10380)
nrf52: Not able to add global or ULA address to interface (#13280)
nrfmin: communication not possible after multicast ping with no
interval (#11405)
ping6 is failing when testing with cc2538dk (#13997)
pkg/lwip: race condition (data loss) in async connection setup (#21874)
pkg/tinydtls: auxiliary data API does not work for async sockets (#16054)
Removing a TNT global address then adding a new one does not work (#20318)
samr30 xpro doesn't seem to use its radio ok (#12761)
scan-build errors found during 2019.07 testing (#11852)
stale border router does not get replaced (#12210)
test/lwip: enabling both, IPv4 and IPv6, results in unexpected
behavior (#18097)
tests/lwip: does not compile for IPv4 on 6LoWPAN-based boards. (#17162)
two nodes livelock sending neighbor solicitations back and forth
between each other (#16670)
xbee: setting PAN ID sometimes fails (#10338)

Timer related issues (5)

misc issues with tests/trickle (#9052)
periph/timer: timer_set() underflow safety check (tracking issue) (#13072)
periph_timer: systematic proportional error in timer_set (#10545)
saml21 system time vs rtc (#10523)
sys/newlib: gettimeofday() returns time since boot, not current wall
time. (#9187)

Drivers related issues (13)

at86rf2xx: Simultaneous use of different transceiver types is not
supported (#4876)
cpu/msp430: GPIO driver doesn't work properly (#9419)
drivers/at86rf215: not returning RX/IDLE after a while of operation
with RPL/UDP (#21685)
drivers/mpu9x50: regression (#21663)
examples/dtls-wolfssl not working on pba-d-01-kw2x (#13527)
fail to send data to can bus (#12371)
mdt_erase success, but vfs_format resets board (esp32-heltec-
lora32-v2) (#14506)
periph/spi: Switching between CPOL=0,1 problems on Kinetis with
software CS (#6567)
periph: GPIO drivers are not thread safe (#4866)
PWM: Single-phase initialization creates flicker (#15121)
STM32: SPI clock not returning to idle state and generating
additional clock cycles (#11104)
TCP client cannot send read only data (#16541)
tests/periph_flashpage: unexpected behavior on nucleo-l4r5zi (#17599)

Native related issues (5)

examples/micropython: floating point exception while testing on
native (#15870)
native not float safe (#495)
native: tlsf: early malloc will lead to a crash (#5796)
VFS_READ show correct data on every SECOND request only (#21470)
ztimer doesn't wake up on native if the pm_layered module is used (#21083)

Other platforms related issues (16)

Failing tests on FE310 (Hifive1b) (#13086)
[TRACKING] Fixes for automatic tests of ESP32 boards. (#12763)
boards/hifive1: flashing issue (#13104)
cpu/sam0: flashpage write / read cycle produces different results
depending on code layout in flash (#14929)
esp32*: esp_now: failed assertion in xSemaphoreTakeRecursive() when
switching channel (#21919)
esp32-wroom-32: tests/netstats_l2 failing sometimes (#14237)
esp32s2: xQueueGenericCreate() fails assertion due to failed
malloc() after ~2h (#21923)
esp8266 crashes on WiFi disconnect (#21558)
examples/gnrc_border_router: esp_wifi_init failed with return value
257 on ESP32-C3 with nimble_rpble (#19319)
gcoap/esp8266: Stack overflow with gcoap example (#13606)
Interrupt callback function is instantly called on samd51 after
setting it from within interrupt callback function (#19861)
MPU doesn't work on cortex-m0+ (#14822)
newlib-nano: Printf formatting does not work properly for some
numeric types (#1891)
periph_timer: Test coverage & broken on STM32F767ZI (#15072)
riscv: ISR stack is too small for ENABLE_DEBUG in core files (#16395)
stm32f7: Large performance difference between stm32f746 and stm32f767 (#14728)

Build system related issues (7)

Build dependencies - processing order issues (#9913)
dist/tools/cppcheck/cppchck.sh: errors when running with Cppcheck
1.89 (#12771)
EXTERNAL_MODULE_DIRS silently ignores non-existent entries (#17696)
Kconfig: Unable to set Kconfig boolean variables with default true to
false (#21785)
make: ccache leads to differing binaries (#14264)
make: use of immediate value of variables before they have their
final value (#8913)
makefiles: make term does not print stderr output of child
process. (#21808)

Other issues (71)

[tracking] Bugs found by the peripheral selftest (#20071)
[Tracking] Failures found with testing on real hardware for release (#21882)
[Tracking] Fix failures of test-on-iotlab (#20791)
[TRACKING] sys/shell refactoring. (#12105)
[tracking] unnecessary use of floating point arithmetic (#19614)
_NVIC_SystemReset stuck in infinite loop when calling pm_reboot
through shell after flashing with J-Link (#13044)
make term no longer works with JLinkExe v6.94 (#16022)
at86rf215 stops receiving until sending a packet (#19653)
b-l072z-lrwan1: tests/ztimer_overhead: test failure (#19224)
benchmark_udp: hammering with low interval causes issues (#16808)
boards/esp32-wroom-32: tests/mtd_raw flakey (#16130)
Builds fail when different execstack options are around in objects (#18522)
Can't build relic with benchmarks or tests (#12897)
CC2538-CC2592EM has a very weak transmit power (#17543)
cpp: Exception handling undefined (#17523)
cpu/stm32: some tests are failing on CM33 (l5, u5) (#17439)
doc/boards: information concerning access to RIOT shell (#17453)
doxygen: CSS hack to hide doc breaks on older browsers (#21312)
edbg: long lines flooded over serial become garbled (#14548)
examples / tests: LoRa tests fail on platforms that don't support
LoRa (#14520)
examples/gcoap: client broken (#19379)
flashing issue on frdm-k64f (#15903)
frdm-k22f failing tests/periph_flashpage (#17057)
frdm-k22f fails tests/periph_timer (#19543)
Freeze into semtech_loramac_send call (pkg/semtech-loramac) (#18790)
gcoap: gcoap_req_send and related should return negative for errors (#19393)
gnrc_ipv6_nib: Neighbor Solicitation ping-pong (#18164)
I2C Crashes Kernel on Raspberry Pi Pico (#21187)
ieee802154_security: Nonce is reused after reboot (#16844)
kconfiglib.py choice override of menuconfig bug (#19069)
LVGL tests produce unaligned code, fail to build (#20110)
lwip: drivers/at86rf2xx/at86rf2xx_netdev.c invalid state during TCP
disconnect (#17209)
lwip: invalid state transition on ieee802154_submac users (#17208)
Making the newlib thread-safe (#4488)
mcuboot: flashes but no output (#17524)
mpaland-printf leads to broken output with GCC 9.3.1 (#21842)
MTD is confusing (#17663)
Order of auto_init functions (#13541)
periph_rtt: rtt_set_alarm() blocks IRQ for 80 plus usec on STM32 (#19520)
pkg/tinydtls: Multiple issues (#16108)
Potential race condition in compile_and_test_for_board.py (#12621)
RIOT is saw-toothing in energy consumption (even when idling) (#5009)
riotboot: ECC faults (eg. in STM32L5 or STM32WB) not handled
gracefully (#17874)
rpl, rpble: handle closed connection to parent(s) (#21574)
rust-gcoap example is incompatible with littlefs2 (#17817)
Samr30/gpio: Erasing then write mux can generate spurious IRQ (#19993)
samr34-xpro: some tests failing (#19223)
sock_dtls: unable to send big messages (#17996)
spurious IRQs in periph_timer (#18976)
stdio UART input truncated (#21564)
stdio_ethos: infinite shell loop (#17972)
stdio_tinyusb_cdc_acm hangs with picolibc (#19277)
STM32 Nucleo boards improperly clocked (#19778)
STM32F4-discovery + mrf24j40 not working (#19711)
sys/riotboot: documentation issues (#11243)
sys/usb/usbus/cdc/ecm: interface thread blocked when connected host
interface is down (#21098)
tests/lwip target board for python test is hardcoded to native (#6533)
tests/periph_flashpage: failing on stm32l475ve (#17280)
tests/pkg/relic is failing on samr21-xpro when built using llvm (#19903)
tests/pkg_libhydrogen: test fails on master for the samr21-xpro with
LLVM (#15066)
tests/pkg_libschc: Failing test_reassemble_success_ack_always (#19445)
tests/test_tools: test fails while testing on samr21-xpro/iotlab-m3 (#15888)
tests: broken with stdio_rtt if auto_init is disabled (#13120)
tests: some tests don't work with newlib lock functions. (#12732)
tracking: failing tests with stdio_cdc_acm (#21231)
Types in byteorder.h need a cleanup (#14737)
USB identifiers with funny characters create mojibake (#17776)
usbus/msc: wrong error handling and behavior after usb reset (#19478)
Use of multiple CAN bus on compatible boards (#14801)
ztimer is incompatible with real-time requirements (#18883)

There are 173 known issues in this release

Fixed Issues since the last release (2025.07)

Broken IEEE820.15.4 Networking on nrf52 Board (#21782)
openocd: flashing the STM32C0 and other "new" boards (#21781)
static tests: Commit Check does not check for missing Colon (#21772)
doc/guides: Note Blocks are not rendered (#21766)
CCMRAM for stm32 misprint (#21698)
[esp32s3] drivers/ws281x : Cannot have the ws281x neopixel driver
module and the nimble module in the same project (#21690)
adafruit-feather-nrf52840-sense: potential regression (#21667)
doc/doxygen: Broken LaTeX Formulas (#21490)
tests/pkg/lvgl: compilation error for BOARD=samr21-xpro (#21446)
Standard output is truncated and sent to the shell input on Arduino
Nano 33 BLE for the default example (#20544)
stdio_cdc_acm causing corruption of first shell input (#20305)
pkg/tinydtls: DTLS handshake does not work (#19595)
2023.04 release bug tracking (#19469)
I2C not working under RIOT with U8G2 pkg (#16381)
CC2538DK board docs: broken links (#12889)
stm32_common/periph/rtc: current implementation broken/poor accuracy (#8746)

16 fixed issues since last release (2025.07)

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all companies that provided us with hardware for porting
and testing RIOT. Further thanks go to companies and institutions that
directly sponsored development time. And finally, big thanks to all of you
contributing in so many different ways to make RIOT worthwhile!

More information

http://www.riot-os.org

Discussions

Join the RIOT Matrix room at: #riot-os:matrix.org
Join the RIOT Forum at: forum.riot-os.org
Follow us on Mastodon: floss.social/@RIOT_OS

License

The code developed by the RIOT community is licensed under the GNU Lesser
General Public License (LGPL) version 2.1 as published by the Free Software
Foundation.
Some external sources and packages are published under a separate license.

All code files contain licensing information.

Release-2025.10